Incamake niterambere ryiterambere ryibikoresho bya gari ya moshi

(1) Incamake niterambere ryiterambere ryinganda zikoreshwa muri gari ya moshi

①Hamwe nudushya mu ikoranabuhanga mu nganda zitwara abagenzi za gari ya moshi ku isi, isoko ry’ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu ku isi ryerekanye iterambere rikomeye

Muri iki gihe, hamwe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’ubukungu bw’imibereho, ibibazo nk’ibura ry’umutungo n’umwanda ukabije biragaragara, bigatuma ubushobozi bw’ubwikorezi butwara abagenzi n’imizigo budahagije, ubwinshi bw’imodoka zo mu muhanda, ibyuka bihumanya n’urusaku, ndetse no korohereza umutekano n’ubwikorezi rusange , bigenda byitabwaho cyane.Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibihugu byo ku isi byafashe iterambere ry’ubwoko bushya bwa gari ya moshi zifite umutekano, zikora neza, icyatsi, n’ubwenge nk’icyerekezo cyambere mu iterambere ry’ubwikorezi rusange, kandi uburyo bw’iterambere nabwo bwavuye mu buryo bwa gakondo bujya mu mikoranire, burambye, kandi iterambere ryubwikorezi butandukanye.Umuvuduko mushya wo guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, uhagarariwe n’urusobe rwamakuru, inganda zubwenge, ingufu nshya, nibikoresho bishya, zirimo kugaragara ku isi yose, kandi ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu n'ibintu muri gari ya moshi ku isi birimo kubyara icyiciro gishya cyo guhindura ibintu byose.Mu myaka yashize, hamwe n’udushya tw’ikoranabuhanga mu nganda zitwara abagenzi za gari ya moshi ku isi, isoko ry’ibikoresho bya gari ya moshi ku isi ryerekanye iterambere rikomeye.Ubushobozi bw'isoko ku isi mu mwaka wa 2010 bwari miliyari 131 z'amayero, bugera kuri miliyari 162 z'amayero muri 2014. Biteganijwe ko muri 2018 ubushobozi bw'isoko buzarenga miliyari 190 z'amayero, hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'umwaka buri mwaka bwa 3.4%.

Ingano yisoko rya gari ya moshi kwisi yose kuva 2010 kugeza 2018 (miliyoni 100 zama euro)

②Oligopolies yashinzwe ku isoko ry’ibikoresho bya gari ya moshi ku isi, aho parikingi z’Ubushinwa ziza ku mwanya wa mbere

Mu imurikagurisha rya gari ya moshi rizwi cyane ku isi rya Berlin (Innotrans2016), urutonde rwa 2015 rw’amasosiyete akoresha ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu n'ibintu muri gari ya moshi ku isi rwashingiye ku kugurisha amafaranga y’ibinyabiziga bishya ndetse n’imodoka zakozwe n’ibigo bitwara abagenzi muri gari ya moshi.CRRC yashyizwe ku mwanya wa mbere n’amafaranga yinjiza arenga miliyari 22 z'amayero, nta gushidikanya ko iza ku mwanya wa mbere mu nganda zikoreshwa mu gutwara abantu n'ibintu muri gari ya moshi ku isi, kandi amafaranga yagurishijwe muri 2015 yari menshi ugereranije n'ay'Abanyakanada Bombardier Amafaranga yagurishijwe hamwe na Alstom yo mu Bufaransa, akaza ku mwanya wa gatatu, na Siemens kuva Ubudage buza ku mwanya wa kane, ni 14. Hashyizweho oligopoly iyobowe na CRRC ku isoko ry’ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu ku isi.Raporo ngarukamwaka ya CRRC yo mu 2016, CRRC yinjije amafaranga agera kuri miliyari 229.7 mu mwaka wa 2016, muri yo ibikoresho bya gari ya moshi, gari ya moshi zo mu mijyi, n'ibikorwa remezo byo mu mijyi bigera kuri miliyari 134, bingana na 58.35%;Mu mwaka wa 2016, hari miliyari 262.6 z'amayero y'ibicuruzwa bishya (harimo hafi miliyari 8.1 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu masezerano mpuzamahanga y'ubucuruzi, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 40%), na miliyari 188.1 z'amafaranga yatanzwe mu gihe kirangiye.Biteganijwe ko CRRC izakomeza gushimangira umwanya wayo nkumwanya wa mbere kwisi mubijyanye nibikoresho bya gari ya moshi ku isi.

(2) Incamake niterambere ryiterambere ryinganda zubushinwa bwa gari ya moshi

①Inganda zikora ibicuruzwa bya gari ya moshi zabaye imwe mu nyungu zingenzi zo guhatanira amasoko mu bucuruzi bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu Bushinwa, kandi ni imbaraga zingenzi mu iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zigenda ziyongera mu Bushinwa.

Nyuma yimyaka irenga 60 yiterambere, uruganda rukora ibikoresho bya gari ya moshi mubushinwa rwakoze ubushakashatsi niterambere byigenga, ibikoresho byuzuye byunganira, ibikoresho bigezweho, hamwe nigikorwa kinini cya sisitemu yo gukora ibikoresho bya gari ya moshi ihuza ubushakashatsi niterambere, igishushanyo mbonera, inganda , kugerageza, na serivisi.Harimo za moteri zikoresha amashanyarazi, moteri ya mazutu, ibice byinshi, imodoka zitwara abagenzi za gari ya moshi, imodoka zitwara gari ya moshi, imodoka za gari ya moshi zo mu mijyi, ibice by'ingenzi bya lokomoteri n'ibinyabiziga, ibikoresho by'ibimenyetso, ibikoresho byo gukurura amashanyarazi Mu myaka icumi ishize, hamwe n'iterambere ryihuta, inzira ziremereye, zoroshye, kandi zangiza ibidukikije inzira yikoranabuhanga, yihuta yihuta ibice byinshi hamwe na lokomoteri ifite ingufu nyinshi byageze ku bikorwa bitangaje muri sisitemu 10 y’inganda zikora umwuga nk’imashini zikoresha ibikoresho.Inganda zikora ingendo za gari ya moshi mu Bushinwa n’inganda zisanzwe zihagararira udushya, guhindura ubwenge, gushimangira umusingi, no guteza imbere icyatsi.Nimwe mu nganda zifite urwego rwo hejuru rwo guhanga udushya twigenga, irushanwa mpuzamahanga rikomeye mu guhatanira guhanga udushya, hamwe n'ingaruka zigaragara mu gutwara inganda mu rwego rwo hejuru rwo gukora ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu Bushinwa.Byahindutse inyungu nyamukuru yo guhatanira amasoko yo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu Bushinwa akora ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru ku isoko ry’ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu ku isi, Ni imbaraga zikomeye zitera iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zigenda ziyongera mu Bushinwa.

②Ingaruka zibiri ziterwa na politiki hamwe nibisabwa ku isoko biteza imbere iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zikoreshwa muri gari ya moshi z’Ubushinwa, hamwe n’isoko rinini

Ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi ni umuntu uhagarariye ibikoresho by’Ubushinwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bigenda ku isi.“Made in China 2025 ″ yashyizwe ahagaragara n’inama y’igihugu mu 2015 irasaba neza gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga itanu y’ingenzi, harimo kubaka ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe guhanga udushya, inganda zikoresha ubwenge, gushimangira inganda, inganda z’icyatsi, no guhanga ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, binyuze ubuyobozi bwa guverinoma no guhuriza hamwe umutungo, kugirango tugere ku iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rihuriweho mu gihe kirekire bibuza iterambere ry’inganda zikora inganda no kuzamura ubushobozi rusange bw’inganda zikora inganda mu Bushinwa.“Made in China 2025 Key Fields Technology Technology Roadmap” (byitwa “Ikarita y'Ikoranabuhanga”) isobanura intego zigenewe ibikoresho byo gutwara gari ya moshi.Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2020, ubushobozi bw’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ndetse n’ibicuruzwa biganisha ku bikoresho bya gari ya moshi bizagera ku rwego rwo hejuru ku isi, aho ibicuruzwa biva mu nganda birenga miliyari 650, ubucuruzi bwo mu mahanga bugera kuri 30%, naho inganda za serivisi zikaba zirenga 15%.Ibicuruzwa byingenzi bizinjira mumasoko yibihugu byateye imbere muburayi na Amerika;Kugeza mu 2025, inganda zikora ingendo za gari ya moshi mu Bushinwa zizaba zarashizeho uburyo bunoze kandi burambye bwo guhanga udushya, bushyira mu bikorwa imiterere y’inganda zikoresha ubwenge mu nzego zikomeye.Ibicuruzwa byayo nyamukuru bizagera ku rwego mpuzamahanga ruyoboye, aho ubucuruzi bwo mu mahanga bugera kuri 40% naho inganda za serivisi zikaba zirenga 20%.Bizayobora ivugururwa ryibipimo mpuzamahanga, bishyireho isi yose iyobora sisitemu yinganda zigezweho za gari ya moshi, kandi ifate urwego rwo hejuru rwurwego rwinganda.Iyobowe na politiki nziza y’igihugu kandi iterwa n’isoko rikenewe ku isoko, inganda zikora ingendo za gari ya moshi mu Bushinwa zinjira mu gihe cy’iterambere ryihuse.Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2020, isoko rikenewe ku bicuruzwa byagurishijwe mu nganda zikoresha ibikoresho bya gari ya moshi zirenga miliyari 650 z'amadorari bitanga amahirwe menshi yo guteza imbere iterambere ryihuse kandi ryihuse ry’inganda zitwara abagenzi muri gari ya moshi.Mu mwaka wa 2020, amafaranga yagurishijwe y’imigabane ya gari ya moshi y’Ubushinwa n’inganda nyinshi zikora inganda zirenga miliyari 350, kandi isoko ry’isoko ry’ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu n'ibintu muri gari ya moshi bivugwa ko rigera hafi kuri tiriyari.

Iteganyagihe ry’igurishwa ry’ibicuruzwa bya gari ya moshi by’Ubushinwa n’inganda nyinshi zikora inganda kuva 2015 kugeza 2020 (miliyoni 100 Yuan)

③Nka nganda zingenzi mu bijyanye n’ibikoresho bitwara abagenzi muri gari ya moshi mu Bushinwa, ibice byinshi bya gari ya moshi byihuta n’inganda zikoreshwa mu gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu mijyi bizajyana no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba z’umukandara n’umuhanda, bizateza imbere iterambere rihuriweho n’inganda zose, no kuzamura imbaraga ku isi.Nkuko twese tubizi, gari ya moshi yihuta yabaye imwe mu makarita ya dipolomasi y’Ubushinwa n’umuyobozi ukomeye w’ibikoresho bitwara abagenzi muri gari ya moshi mu nganda zikora ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu Bushinwa.Mu gihe guverinoma y'Ubushinwa iteza imbere cyane ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ingamba z'umukandara n'umuhanda, aka karere gakwirakwira mu bihugu byo muri Aziya yo Hagati n'iy'Amajyepfo, Aziya y'Epfo, Aziya yo hagati, na Aziya y'Uburengerazuba, bikagera no mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba no muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, byose bikaba bifite ibikenewe byihutirwa mu kubaka ibikorwa remezo no guhuza.Biteganijwe ko abaturage bose ku Muhanda n'Umuhanda bagera kuri miliyari 4.4, bangana na 63% by'abatuye isi yose, kandi ubukungu bwabwo bukaba bugera kuri tiriyari 21 z'amadolari y'Amerika, bingana na 29% by'ubukungu rusange ku isi; .Nk’ingamba z’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa, Umukandara n’umuhanda bifite akamaro kanini mu bijyanye no guhererekanya ubushobozi bw’Ubushinwa, kuzamura ishami mpuzamahanga ry’imirimo, no gushyiraho ijwi ry’Ubushinwa ku isi.Nka nganda zingenzi zingenzi mubijyanye n’ibikoresho bitwara abagenzi muri gari ya moshi mu Bushinwa, gari ya moshi yihuta cyane hamwe n’ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu mu mijyi bizaba intangiriro y’umushinga w’umukandara n’umuhanda hamwe n’ibiranga umwihariko wo kurengera ibidukikije no gutwara abantu benshi. , gutwara iterambere rihuriweho nuruhererekane rwinganda zose zicyuma cyo hejuru, ibyuma bidafite amabara, kubaka ibikorwa remezo bya gari ya moshi, gushyigikira kubaka ibikoresho, hamwe nibikoresho bifitanye isano nibikoresho bikoresha ibinyabiziga byo hagati no hepfo, imikorere yimijyi, ibikoresho, ubwikorezi nubwikorezi, Kongera imbaraga kwisi yose Inganda zikora ingendo za gari ya moshi mu Bushinwa.